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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
2. Chemistry
3. Pharmacology
4. Physical Effects
5. Visual Effects
6. Cognitive Effects
7. Toxicity and Harm Potential
8. Legal Status

Introduction to Datura

Datura, also recognized by an array of ominous monikers such as devil's trumpet, moonflower, jimsonweed, devil's weed, hell's bells, and thorn-apple among others, comprises a genus of nine species of poisonous flowering plants within the Solanaceae family. These plants are renowned for their potent and perilous properties, serving both shamanic and medical purposes, while also being employed as poisons. Their toxicity stems from the presence of powerful anticholinergic substances including scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine, predominantly found in their seeds and flowers.

Distribution and Historical Use

Datura's natural habitat spans across most temperate and tropical regions worldwide, owing to its extensive cultivation and naturalization. Among the myriad species, two stand out prominently: Datura inoxia and Datura stramonium. These species have a rich historical association with shamanic rituals and religious practices, tracing back through the annals of time across the ancient Americas, Europe, and India.

Variable Potency and Associated Risks

One of the most striking characteristics of Datura is its highly variable potency, influenced by factors such as the age of the mother plant, prevailing weather conditions during cultivation, and geographic location. This variability renders Datura exceptionally hazardous, as the same dosage can yield vastly different effects. Ingestion of Datura in quantities sufficient to induce delirium can lead directly to death. As such, it is strongly advised that individuals exercise extreme caution, avoiding delirium-inducing dosages altogether and employing precise measuring tools if experimentation is unavoidable. However, it's crucial to emphasize that even with such precautions, the use of Datura remains inherently unsafe.

Unraveling the Chemistry of Datura

Psychoactive Constituents

Tropane Alkaloids

At the heart of datura's psychoactive properties lie the tropane alkaloids: scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine. These compounds share structural similarities, each comprising a substituted tropane ring—a seven-membered ring bridged by an N-methylated nitrogen between R1 and R5. Scopolamine further distinguishes itself with an oxygen bond between R6 and R7, forming a three-membered oxirane ring. Additionally, they feature a propionic acid chain (CH3CH2COOH), substituted at R2 with an aromatic phenyl ring and at R3 with a hydroxyl group (OH-). This propionic acid chain links to the substituted tropane ring at R1 through an oxygen atom, forming an ether.

Secondary Metabolites

These tropane alkaloids are secondary metabolites synthesized naturally by datura plants. The ratio of these compounds within datura species can vary significantly depending on factors such as location and growing conditions. While scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine are the primary focus due to their psychoactive effects, the datura genus harbors other chemical constituents, although research into their properties remains limited.

Stereochemistry

Propionic Chain

A critical aspect of the tropane alkaloids is the presence of a stereocenter at R2 of their propionic chain. Hyoscyamine, specifically, exists as the levorotatory enantiomer of atropine. This stereochemical variation contributes to the diverse effects and pharmacological profiles observed among these compounds.

Understanding the Pharmacology of Datura

Mechanism of Action

Datura's alkaloids exert their effects by acting as competitive antagonists at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, primarily targeting M1 and M2 receptors. Although the precise mechanism remains elusive, this inhibition of acetylcholine function leads to a cascade of effects, including delirium, sedation, and vivid hallucinations. These experiences are often accompanied by profoundly uncomfortable and dysphoric physical side effects.

Toxicity and Risk

All parts of Datura plants contain perilously high levels of tropane alkaloids—specifically atropine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine—classified as deliriants or anticholinergics. The risk of fatal overdose is significant among uninformed users, with numerous hospitalizations reported among recreational users seeking psychoactive effects. Cases of deliberate or inadvertent poisoning resulting from smoking jimsonweed and related species have been documented.

Cultivating Datura

Datura stramonium thrives in rich, calcareous soil. The addition of nitrogen fertilizer boosts the concentration of alkaloids within the plant. Propagation typically occurs from seeds, which are sown with ample spacing between plants. Sensitivity to frost necessitates sheltering during cold weather. Harvesting occurs when the fruits are ripe yet still green. The entire plant is cut down, leaves stripped, and left to dry. Seeds are collected when the fruits begin to burst open.

Subjective Effects

Disclaimer: The effects described below are based on anecdotal reports from the Subjective Effect Index (SEI) and the personal analyses of PsychonautWiki contributors. These effects should be approached with skepticism, as they may not occur predictably or reliably. Higher doses increase the likelihood of experiencing the full spectrum of effects, including adverse reactions such as addiction, severe injury, or death.

Understanding the Physical Effects of Datura

Sedation or Stimulation

• Perception of Bodily Heaviness: Users commonly experience an overwhelming sensation of extreme bodily weight, making movement difficult and uncomfortable.
• Spontaneous Bodily Sensations: Reports include sharp and painful jolts of electricity akin to hiccups, occurring spontaneously.

Other Physical Effects

• Abnormal Heartbeat
• Bronchodilation
• Constipation
• Dehydration
• Respiratory Depression
• Dizziness
• Gustatory Hallucination
• High Blood Pressure
• Increased Bodily Temperature
• Increased Heart Rate
• Increased Perspiration
• Loss of Motor Control
• Muscle Cramps
• Muscle Spasms
• Nausea or Nausea Suppression
• Olfactory Hallucination
• Physical Fatigue
• Restless Leg Syndrome
• Seizures
• Tactile Enhancement
• Tactile Hallucination
• Temporary Erectile Dysfunction
• Difficulty Urinating and Frequent Urination
• Photosensitivity
• Pupil Dilation

Visual Effects of Datura

• Suppression
  • Visual Acuity Suppression
  • Double Vision
  • Pattern Recognition Suppression
• Distortions
  • Drifting (Melting, Breathing, Morphing, and Flowing)
  • After Images
  • Visual Haze
  • Object Alteration
• Hallucinatory States
  • External Hallucination
  • Internal Hallucination
  • Peripheral Information Misinterpretation
  • Shadow People
  • Unspeakable Horrors
  • Object Activation

Cognitive Effects of Datura

• Sleepiness
• Wakefulness
• Motivation Suppression
• Increased Libido
• Amnesia
• Anxiety
• Cognitive Dysphoria
• Cognitive Fatigue
• Confusion
• Delirium
• Delusion
• Depersonalization
• Depression
• Derealization
• Dream Potentiation
• Emotion Suppression
• Feelings of Impending Doom
• Focus Suppression
• Information Processing Suppression
• Language Suppression
• Memory Suppression
• Paranoia
• Psychosis
• Suggestibility Enhancement
• Time Distortion
• Thought Deceleration
• Thought Disorganization

Auditory Effects

• Suppressions
• Hallucinations

After Effects of Datura

• Anxiety
• Brightness Alteration
• Cognitive Fatigue
• Dehydration
• Delirium
• Depression
• Language Suppression
• Motivation Suppression
• Peripheral Information Misinterpretation
• Pupil Dilation
• Sleepiness
• Thought Deceleration
• Visual Acuity Suppression

Unveiling the Toxicity and Harm Potential of Datura

Unpredictability and Risk

Datura's propensity for unpredictability makes it a highly dangerous substance, capable of yielding severe consequences, hospitalization, or even death. The lack of scientific study on the long-term health effects of regular datura usage further complicates understanding, as does the absence of an exact toxic dosage. Long-term usage of datura is exceedingly rare, with most individuals opting not to repeat the experience after initial encounters.

Traditional Knowledge and Modern Incidents

In traditional cultures, comprehensive knowledge and experience with datura were paramount for harm minimization. Fatal incidents, however, are prevalent among modern users, particularly adolescents and young adults intentionally ingesting datura. Media reports from the United States in the 1990s and 2000s documented cases of serious illness and death resulting from datura ingestion. Medical literature also contains reports of fatalities linked to Datura intoxication, with children being especially vulnerable to atropine poisoning.

Psychosis and Delirium

Datura has been associated with psychosis and delirium at a markedly higher rate than other hallucinogens like LSD, ketamine, or DMT. Numerous online experience reports detail episodes of psychotic delirium, amnesia, and other severe consequences following datura abuse, often culminating in hospitalization or fatality.

Understanding Lethal Dosage and Risk Mitigation

Potency Variation and Dosage

Datura exhibits significant potency variation between plants, with factors such as age, growing conditions, and local weather influencing toxicity levels. This variability underscores the exceptional hazard posed by datura, as accurately measuring dosage proves challenging for the average individual. Centuries of cultural use of datura as a poison attest to the potency of its active substances.

Harm Reduction Strategies

Grinding dried datura plant matter into a fine powder is recommended to ensure even distribution of active chemicals. Starting with minute doses and gradually titrating upward minimizes the risk of overdose. However, complete avoidance of datura is strongly advised, with extreme caution and harm reduction practices urged for those who choose to engage, including the presence of a sober and prepared trip sitter throughout the experience.

Tolerance and Addiction Potential

Datura use exhibits mild addictive potential alongside a high risk of adverse side effects such as psychosis. However, its reported lower addictive nature compared to other substances stems from the majority of users opting not to repeat the experience.

Legal Status

Datura is legal to grow, sell, and consume in most parts of the world, with restrictions in select countries including Australia, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. In the United States, datura is legal for production, supply, and importation, with exceptions in states like California where possession and use are regulated except for legitimate medical purposes.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What are the main psychoactive constituents of datura?

A: The principal psychoactive constituents of datura are the tropane alkaloids scopolamine, hyoscyamine, and atropine.

Q: How does datura affect the body?

A: Datura acts as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to effects such as delirium, sedation, and hallucinations.

Q: What are some common physical effects of datura use?

A: Physical effects of datura use can include sedation, abnormal heartbeat, bronchodilation, dehydration, muscle spasms, nausea, pupil dilation, and increased heart rate, among others.

Q: What are the risks associated with datura use?

A: Datura is highly unpredictable and can result in severe consequences, hospitalization, or death. It has been linked to psychosis, delirium, and long-term health effects, with a significant risk of overdose due to variability in potency between plants.

Q: How can one mitigate the risks of datura use?

A: Harm reduction strategies include starting with small doses, grinding dried plant matter into a fine powder for even distribution of chemicals, and having a sober trip sitter present during the experience. However, complete avoidance of datura is strongly advised.

Q: Is datura legal?

A: Datura is legal to grow, sell, and consume in most parts of the world, but there are restrictions in certain countries such as Australia, Brazil, and the United Kingdom. In the United States, it is legal with exceptions in some states like California where possession and use are regulated.