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Table of Contents

1. Introduction
   • Overview of Myristicin
   • Chemical Properties and Sources
2. Forms of Myristicin
   • Ground Nutmeg Powder
   • Whole Nutmeg
   • Pure Myristicin
3. Toxicity and Harm Potential
4. Dependence and Abuse Potential
5. Dangerous Interactions
6. Legal Status
7. Additional Considerations
   • Subjective Effects
   • Experience Reports

Myristicin: A Detailed Overview

What is Myristicin?

Myristicin is a naturally-occurring deliriant substance belonging to the phenylpropene class. It is found in small quantities in the essential oil of nutmeg and, to a lesser extent, in other spices such as parsley and dill. This compound is known for its psychoactive properties and potential effects on human physiology.

Chemical Properties and Effects

Presence in Spices

Myristicin is present in:

• Nutmeg: Found in small amounts in its essential oil.
• Parsley: Contains lesser amounts of myristicin.
• Dill: Another spice with minimal quantities of myristicin.

Pharmacological Actions

• Anticholinergic Effects: At high doses, myristicin acts as an anticholinergic, potentially leading to deliriant effects.
• Endocannabinoid System Interaction: Studies have shown that myristicin can act on the endocannabinoid system, influencing mood and perception.

Psychoactive Constituents and Precursor to MMDA

Main Psychoactive Constituent

Myristicin, along with elemicin, is believed to be the primary psychoactive component of nutmeg.

Precursor to MMDA

Myristicin is the traditional precursor for synthesizing the psychedelic and empathogenic drug MMDA. This highlights its significance in both traditional and modern psychopharmacology.

Hallucinogenic Effects of Nutmeg

Reports of Intoxication

Nutmeg intoxication has been reported to induce various hallucinogenic effects, including:

• Visual distortions
• Paranoid ideation

These effects typically take several hours to reach their peak and can last for several days.

Myristicin Content in Nutmeg

• Essential Oil Content: Raw nutmeg comprises 5-15% essential oil by mass.
• Myristicin Proportion: Of the essential oil, 4-8.5% is myristicin, translating to 0.2-1.3% of raw nutmeg.
• Study Findings: One study determined that 20 grams of nutmeg contained approximately 210 mg of myristicin.

Usage and Harm Reduction

It is important to note that the dosages mentioned are based on nutmeg powder, not pure myristicin, as pure myristicin is extremely uncommon. Users are strongly advised to practice harm reduction strategies when using substances containing myristicin to mitigate potential adverse effects.

Chemical Properties and Effects

Presence in Spices

Myristicin is present in:

• Nutmeg: Found in small amounts in its essential oil.
• Parsley: Contains lesser amounts of myristicin.
• Dill: Another spice with minimal quantities of myristicin.

Pharmacological Actions

• Anticholinergic Effects: At high doses, myristicin acts as an anticholinergic, potentially leading to deliriant effects.
• Endocannabinoid System Interaction: Studies have shown that myristicin can act on the endocannabinoid system, influencing mood and perception.

Psychoactive Constituents and Precursor to MMDA

Main Psychoactive Constituent

Myristicin, along with elemicin, is believed to be the primary psychoactive component of nutmeg.

Precursor to MMDA

Myristicin is the traditional precursor for synthesizing the psychedelic and empathogenic drug MMDA. This highlights its significance in both traditional and modern psychopharmacology.

Hallucinogenic Effects of Nutmeg

Reports of Intoxication

Nutmeg intoxication has been reported to induce various hallucinogenic effects, including:

• Visual distortions
• Paranoid ideation

These effects typically take several hours to reach their peak and can last for several days.

Myristicin Content in Nutmeg

• Essential Oil Content: Raw nutmeg comprises 5-15% essential oil by mass.
• Myristicin Proportion: Of the essential oil, 4-8.5% is myristicin, translating to 0.2-1.3% of raw nutmeg.
• Study Findings: One study determined that 20 grams of nutmeg contained approximately 210 mg of myristicin.

Dosage

Light Dosage

• 50 - 200 mg: This range typically induces mild effects and is considered a light dosage.

Common Dosage

• 200 - 500 mg: This is the common dosage range where moderate effects are usually experienced.

Strong Dosage

• 500 - 800 mg: A strong dosage that leads to pronounced psychoactive effects.

Heavy Dosage

• 800 mg and above: This heavy dosage can result in intense and potentially overwhelming experiences.

Usage and Harm Reduction

It is important to note that the dosages mentioned are based on nutmeg powder, not pure myristicin, as pure myristicin is extremely uncommon. Users are strongly advised to practice harm reduction strategies when using substances containing myristicin to mitigate potential adverse effects.

Chemistry

Chemical Structure

Myristicin, also known as 3-methoxy,4,5-methylenedioxyallylbenzene, belongs to the chemical class known as phenylpropenes. Its structure includes:

• A methylenedioxy ring at carbons R4 and R5 of the benzene ring.
• A methoxy group at the R3 carbon.
• An allyl chain at R6, forming the main phenylpropene group.

Pharmacology

In 1963, Alexander Shulgin speculated that myristicin could be metabolized to MMDA, a psychoactive drug related to MDA, in the liver. However, this hypothesis is unlikely because no amphetamine metabolites were found in urine after the ingestion of myristicin. It is believed that myristicin acts as an anticholinergic, producing effects similar to anticholinergics in cases of overdose, though the exact mechanism of action has not been established. Myristicin is also found to be a serotonin receptor antagonist and acts as a weak MAO inhibitor.

Elemicin

Elemicin, found in nutmeg alongside myristicin, also contributes to its hallucinogenic effects. Elemicin likely has similar effects to myristicin and is traditionally used in synthesizing the alkaloid mescaline.

Cannabinoids

No compound in nutmeg has been found to directly bind to CB1 or CB2 receptors. However, three compounds in nutmeg (Malabaricone C, Licarin A, and 5-Methoxylicarin A) have been shown to act as endocannabinoid modulating agents by inhibiting the enzymes FAAH and MAGL.

Subjective Effects

Comparison with Other Deliriants

Compared to datura or diphenhydramine, myristicin's effects are generally milder and can be pleasant and euphoric, depending on the dose. Its effects have a long, smooth, and enjoyable come-up similar to cannabis. Higher doses lead to more pronounced deliriant effects.

Physical Effects

• Difficulty urinating and frequent urination: Varies among users.
• Dry mouth: Stronger than cannabis, weaker than other deliriants like datura.
• Dehydration: Significant; staying hydrated can decrease deliriant effects.
• Dizziness: Can be mitigated by walking or drinking ginger tea.
• Nausea: Often caused by the unpleasurable taste.
• Sedation: Extremely strong at higher doses.
• Stimulation: Occurs at lower doses.
• Motor control loss: Similar to alcohol.
• Muscle relaxation: Occurs at lower doses, similar to alcohol.
• Perception of bodily heaviness: Similar to alcohol.
• Photophobia: Rare and dose-dependent.
• Pupil dilation: Extremely rare; bloodshot eyes more common due to vasodilation.
• Spontaneous tactile sensations: Varies with dosage.
• Tactile enhancement or suppression: Depending on dose.
• Tactile hallucination: Reported at heavy doses.
• Gustatory enhancement and appetite enhancement: Similar to cannabis.
• Physical euphoria: Warm, calming sensations over the body.
• Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure: Can cause bloodshot eyes and dizziness.

Visual Effects

• Suppression: Includes visual acuity suppression, double vision, pattern recognition suppression, after images, drifting, environmental patterning, tracers, and frame rate suppression.
• Enhancements: Color enhancement and slight object glow.
• Hallucinatory States:
  • External Hallucination: Common at moderate to heavy doses, involving everyday occurrences and nightmarish experiences.
  • Internal Hallucination: Brief at moderate doses, extended at higher doses, including new experiences and memory replays.
  • Peripheral Information Misinterpretation: Shadow people possible at high doses with dehydration.

Cognitive Effects

• Amnesia: Common.
• Empathy, affection, and sociability enhancement: Reported at lower doses.
• Anxiety: Increased at higher doses, suppressed at lower doses.
• Confusion, depersonalization, and derealization: Common at higher doses.
• Emotion enhancement: Both positive and negative feelings are amplified.
• Euphoria: Frequent at appropriate doses.
• Analysis and language suppression: Reported effects.
• Increased music appreciation and laughter: Similar to cannabis.
• Immersion enhancement: Does not significantly increase with higher doses.
• Feelings of impending doom and paranoia: More common at high doses.
• Psychosis and sleepiness: Common at strong doses.
• Suggestibility enhancement and time distortion: Typical effects.
• Thought deceleration and disorganization: Similar to cannabis and alcohol.

Auditory Effects

• Hallucinations: Tinnitus, noises, voices, or a static humming sound.
• Suppression: Sounds can be distorted at higher doses.

After Effects

The hangover from nutmeg is often more intense than an alcohol hangover, primarily due to dehydration. Reported after-effects include:

• Appetite suppression
• Motivation changes
• Increased bodily temperature
• Constipation
• Dry mouth
• Nausea
• Bodily pressures
• Photophobia
• Darker urine
• Physical and cognitive fatigue
• Anxiety
• Stomach bloating and cramps

Dosage

Light Dosage

• 50 - 200 mg: Mild effects.

Common Dosage

• 200 - 500 mg: Moderate effects.

Strong Dosage

• 500 - 800 mg: Pronounced psychoactive effects.

Heavy Dosage

• 800 mg and above: Intense and potentially overwhelming experiences.

Usage and Harm Reduction

It is important to note that the dosages mentioned are based on nutmeg powder, not pure myristicin, as pure myristicin is extremely uncommon. Users are strongly advised to practice harm reduction strategies when using substances containing myristicin to mitigate potential adverse effects.

Experience Reports

Anecdotal reports describing the effects of myristicin include:

• 3 drops of cinnamon bark oil/5 drops of German chamomile oil/2 mL of nutmeg oil in lecithin.
• 4 tablespoons of Nutmeg.
• Nutmeg (8 teaspoons) - My Mom Introduces Me to Genesis and Other Things.

Forms of Myristicin

Ground Nutmeg Powder

Ground nutmeg powder is the most common form in which myristicin is sold, available in almost any supermarket as a spice. Anecdotal reports suggest that there is no clear guide on dosing in this form, as myristicin degrades once it has been ground up, making it impossible to know the potency of the powder. The longer nutmeg stays as a powder, the weaker the myristicin content.

Dosage for Oral Consumption:

• Light: 5 - 15g
• Common: 15 - 20g
• Strong: 20 - 30g
• Heavy: 30g+

Whole Nutmeg

Whole nutmeg is also widely sold as a spice. The dosages for oral consumption differ from ground nutmeg powder due to the intact nature of the nut.

Dosage for Oral Consumption:

• Light: 2 - 5g
• Common: 5 - 15g
• Strong: 15 - 20g
• Heavy: 20g+

Pure Myristicin

Myristicin can be extracted from nutmeg powder through fractional distillation. When using pure myristicin, the dosing guidelines are significantly lower than those for ground nutmeg powder or whole nutmeg.

Dosage for Oral Consumption:

• Light: 50 - 200mg
• Common: 200 - 500mg
• Strong: 500 - 800mg
• Heavy: 800mg+

Toxicity and Harm Potential

Myristicin is neurotoxic and can be fatal in extremely high doses. It also causes severe dehydration, which exacerbates its side effects. It is crucial to conduct independent research and use harm reduction practices if using this substance.

Dependence and Abuse Potential

Myristicin is not known to be addictive, and the desire to use it can decrease with use. Information regarding tolerance is currently unknown.

Dangerous Interactions

Many psychoactive substances that are reasonably safe to use on their own can become dangerous when combined with others. The following interactions are known to be risky, though this list may not be exhaustive:

• Stimulants: Nutmeg strains the cardiovascular system, and adding stimulants can increase side effects.
• Alcohol: Small to medium amounts may create positive effects, but respiratory depression is a risk with larger amounts.
• Opioids: Large amounts can lead to respiratory depression when combined with myristicin.
• Benzodiazepines: Risky due to potential for enhanced depressant effects.
• DXM: Combining with myristicin is highly risky and generally dangerous.
• DPH (Diphenhydramine): Cardiotoxic, combining with myristicin could be fatal.
• Depressants: Respiratory depression is a risk, though some reports show few side effects.
• Serotonin releasers: Substances like MDMA, 4-FA, methamphetamine, methylone, and αMT can cause serotonin syndrome when combined with myristicin. Extreme caution is advised.

Legal Status

Myristicin and nutmeg are unscheduled in nearly all parts of the world and are commonly sold in forms such as ground spice, essential oil, or whole nuts. However, certain legal restrictions apply depending on the jurisdiction:

• United Kingdom: Nutmeg is legal to purchase as a spice, but using it recreationally or extracting myristicin is illegal.

Additional Considerations

• Subjective Effects: The effects of myristicin can vary greatly depending on the dosage, preparation, and individual factors.
• Experience Reports: Anecdotal reports describe a wide range of experiences, highlighting the need for caution and responsible use.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What is myristicin?

A: Myristicin is a naturally-occurring deliriant substance found in nutmeg and other spices. It belongs to the phenylpropene class and is known for its psychoactive properties.

Q: What are the different forms of myristicin?

A: Myristicin is commonly found in ground nutmeg powder, whole nutmeg, and can also be extracted as pure myristicin.

Q: How do I dose myristicin?

A: Dosing varies depending on the form of myristicin being used. Dosages for ground nutmeg powder, whole nutmeg, and pure myristicin are provided in the article.

Q: Is myristicin toxic?

A: Yes, myristicin is neurotoxic and can be fatal in extremely high doses. It also causes severe dehydration, exacerbating its side effects.

Q: Is myristicin addictive?

A: Myristicin is not known to be addictive, and the desire to use it can decrease with use. However, more research is needed on tolerance and dependence.

Q: What are the dangerous interactions with myristicin?

A: Myristicin can interact dangerously with substances such as stimulants, alcohol, opioids, and others. Combining it with certain drugs can lead to respiratory depression, serotonin syndrome, or other severe side effects.

Q: Is myristicin legal?

A: Myristicin and nutmeg are unscheduled in most parts of the world and are commonly sold as spices. However, recreational use or extraction of myristicin may be illegal in some jurisdictions.

Q: What are the subjective effects of myristicin?

A: Subjective effects vary widely and can include mild euphoria, visual distortions, paranoia, and hallucinations. Detailed descriptions are provided in the article.

Q: Where can I find more information about myristicin?

A: Further research can be conducted through reputable sources, and anecdotal experiences can be found on platforms like Erowid Experience Vaults and PsychonautWiki. However, caution should always be exercised when using psychoactive substances.